Distinction amongst males and females. Participants described their parent’s marital status as 62 married, 7 single, 19 divorced, and 12 separated. When living at house, 78 of participants reported living with their mothers, 68 living with fathers, 13 living with grandparent(s), and 11 living with one more relative. A total of 72 self-identified as members in the Yup’ik Alaska Native cultural linguistic group, followed by Inupiat (21 ), Athabaskan (11 ), Aleut/Alutiq (6 ), and Tlingit/Haida (four ). Some men and women identified with two or much more ethnic categories. Measures Item pool Adult Self-Mastery: Pearlin et al. (1981) initially created the Mastery scale as an adult measure of personal sense of control in overcoming life troubles. The scale consists of seven things rated on a four-point Likert-type scale, assessing the extent to which folks perceive themselves as getting handle over the circumstances that influence their lives. Representative products involve “I can do just about something I seriously set my mind to,” and “What takes place to me inside the future largely depends on me.” Internal consistency reported by Hobfoll, Jackson, et al. (2002) was = .72. Adult Communal Mastery: The Communal Mastery scale (Jackson, McKenzie, Hobfoll, 2000) is a 10-item measure itself initially adapted in the Mastery Scale (Pearlin et al., 1981) as well as the Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer, 1993) to measure coping methods from a much more collectivist orientation. Representative products include things like “Working together with family members and buddies I can solve lots of challenges I have,” and “What occurs to me inside the future depends upon my capability to perform nicely with others,” to which individuals respond on a fourpoint Likert scale. Internal consistency for this scale was = .74 (Hobfoll, Jackson, et al., 2002). We adapted these mastery measures for youth. Validity measures Youth Community Support: The Youth Community Help scale is usually a three-item subscale adapted in the People’s Awakening Yup’ik Protective Variables scale for adults (Allen et al., 2006). The Youth Neighborhood Help scale taps youth perceptions regarding the presence and extent of support as a protective elements available to young men and women in the neighborhood generally, outside of family and friendship. Representative products include “People PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2105157 support me” and “People are obtainable to me for guidance.”NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPsychol Assess. Author manuscript; out there in PMC 2013 June 01.Fok et al.PageReligious Involvement: Youth’s level of involvement with formal religion was assessed by means of two things. On 1 item the youth rated the significance of church in their life as not at all, somewhat, or seriously essential, and on a second item, youth rated church attendance by means of one of 5 radio buttons, as less than when a year, 1? times a year, 1? times a month, 3? occasions a month, or at least when a week. Alaska Native Cultural Identification: The Alaska Native Cultural RG7800 Identification scale is an eight-item scale adapted in the item set on the Orthogonal Cultural Identification scale (Oetting Beauvais, 1990?991), a system of assessment of bicultural identities among ethnic minority youth. The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale utilizes two item stems, worded making use of descriptors our concentrate group perform found locally understandable: “How much you reside by or stick to the [Native/White American] way of life?” and “How a lot do you speak [Native language/English]?” Since.