Looking across the M. xanthus HSP70 Activator supplier DK1622 genome, additionally they identified frequent acquisition of metabolic genes by HGT, which includes several elements of the electron transport chain, reminiscent in the observations of Thomas et al. [17] to get a. dehalogenans 2CP-C. Other examples of myxobacterial genes gained by HGT involve these encoding sterol biosynthesis, an uncommon phenomenon in bacteria, which myxobacteria likely acquired from eukaryotes [87]. Other studies have investigated the origin of genes which appear to have arisen de novo inside myxobacterial evolution. The Pxr non-coding RNA which regulates fruiting physique formation appears to possess evolved inside the Cystobacterineae sub-order (now order Myxococcales), although the devI regulator of fruiting appears to become a very recent innovation within M. xanthus [88,89]. Sequence evaluation of 120 strains isolated from six fruiting bodies has shown that genomic alterations are concentrated in `selection hot-spots’ as well as characterised the price of endemic diversification [32]. Luciano et al. [90] utilized a phylogenomic method to characterise the evolution of candidate genes potentially involved in gliding motility. Making use of Caspase 10 Inhibitor list evolutionary and syntenybased arguments they identified three genetic clusters encoding basal motility machinery. Their final results also recommended a model for the evolution of gliding motility wherein a core set of ancestral genes of unknown function subsequently recruited extra functional modules [90]. A equivalent mode of evolution has also been recommended for the type IV pili-based motility systems of myxobacteria [91]. It’s also worth noting right here an intriguing hypothesis regarding myxobacterial evolution, which suggests that an ancestral myxobacterium may have evolved into a nonmyxobacterium. The syntrophy hypothesis proposes that the eukaryotic frequent ancestorMicroorganisms 2021, 9,16 ofwas the outcome of a tripartite symbiosis involving a myxobacterium-like deltaproteobacterium, which became the eukaryotic cytoplasm [92]. The hypothesis suggests the involvement of a myxobacterial-like organism due to several options of myxobacterial biology which are uncommon for bacteria, but typical to eukaryotes, which includes (among quite a few examples) defensins, eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr kinases and enhanceosomes [58,93,94]. three. Myxobacterial Post-Genomics The availability of a genome sequence is often a pre-requisite for several `omics technologies, specifically transcriptome and proteome analyses. The widespread application of such approaches to myxobacteria has led to the generation of significant numbers of `omics datasets, albeit mainly for M. xanthus. Increasingly, `omics studies and other post-genomic approaches are supplying holistic insights into myxobacterial taxonomy, evolution and molecular biology. three.1. Molecular Genetics The availability of a genome sequence can inform us about the function and origin of its constituent genes via comparative genomics analyses and it allows the directed study of individual genes or sets of gene in that genome (e.g., [957]. The roles of genes is often inferred if they share homology with genes of identified function in other organisms, but comparative genomics also makes feasible the identification of candidate genes with no clear functional relationship using the function, such as these encoding hypothetical proteins [98]. One example is, Luciano et al. [90] created functional predictions of gliding motility genes applying synteny-based arguments, though Sutton et al. [38] correlated gene presence/absence