Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 10790. doi.org/10.3390/ ijms231810790 Academic Editor: Rebecca Sharon Chinthrajah Received: 25 July 2022 Accepted: 10 September 2022 Published: 15 September 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Abstract: Bisphenol S (BPS) is increasingly getting made use of as an alternative for bisphenol A; however, its wellness effects remain unclear. We investigated the effects of oral exposure to low-dose BPS on allergic asthma. C3H/HeJ male mice have been intratracheally administered with allergen (ovalbumin (OVA), 1 /animal) each two weeks from six to 11 weeks old. BPS was ingested by drinking water at doses equivalent to 0.04, 0.4, and 4 /kg/day. We then examined pulmonary inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, serum OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, Th2 cytokine/chemokine production, and mediastinal lymph node (MLN) cell activities. Compared with OVA alone, moderatedose BPS (BPS-M) with OVA substantially enhanced pulmonary inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and OVA-specific IgE and IgG1. Additionally, interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, IL-33, and CCL11/Eotaxin protein levels within the lungs improved. Conversely, these allergic responses had been reduced in the high-dose BPS+OVA group. In MLN cells, BPS-M with OVA improved the total cell count and activated antigen-presenting cells including traditional dendritic cell subset (cDC2). Just after OVA restimulation, cell proliferation and Th2 cytokine production (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) inside the culture supernatant also elevated. As a result, oral exposure to low-dose BPS may possibly exacerbate allergic asthmatic responses by enhancing Th2-polarized responses and activating the MLN cells. Keywords: bisphenol S; allergic asthma; environmental chemical; Th2 response; endocrine disruptor1. Introduction Bisphenols are compounds with two hydroxyphenyl groups and are ubiquitously utilised in polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resin production [1]. Bisphenol A (BPA) is their most representative prototype, frequently discovered in canned meals and beverage linings, toys, dental sealants, as well as other customer products [2,3]. Hence, BPA is usually discovered in residences and in the atmosphere, which includes the air, water, soil, foodstuffs, and house dust [4]. BPA has also been detected in human samples, which include urine [5], blood, breast milk, amniotic fluid, and saliva [6]. Sadly, BPA is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) which will modify the activity of estrogen receptors (ERs), causing adverse effects to human wellness [71]. Consequently, BPA use in manufacturing child bottles has been banned in some well being organizations worldwide, for example the US Food and Drug Administration, European Commission, and Overall health Canada [12], and BPA alternatives have increasingly been created.Pangelin Inhibitor Bisphenol S (BPS, Figure 1) is one of the most broadly applied bisphenols.PEPA Protocol Compared with BPA, BPS has thermal and light stability; therefore, it has been introduced in various industries as a crucial substitute for BPA [13].PMID:24834360 BPS is made use of as a reagent for polymer reactions and an anticorrosive agent for epoxy adhesives, and it has been incorporated in paper products [14], individual care merchandise [15,16], canned foodstuffs [17], and food [18]. Over the last decade, BPS use has enhanced drastically, thereby major to larger environmental exposure to BPS-containing compounds [19,20].Copyright: 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This short article is definitely an open access arti.