and elevated maize yield below high-density cultivation situations [20]. In addition to the plant hormones GAs and IAAs, other phytohormones, like BRs and ETH, also modulate plant height. Mutants which might be deficient in BR biosynthesis or signal transduction, such as maize na1, na2, brd1, and the BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 knockdown line, exhibit the dwarfism phenotype [214]. The altered C-terminus of ZmACS7, encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase in ETH biosynthesis, causes a shorter stature and larger leaf angle in maize [25]. Leaf width is an crucial index of leaf size and is really a quantitative trait that is definitely controlled by multiple genes, like miRNA, transcription variables, and hormones [26]. Genes which are related to response components, polar transport, and also the synthesis of phytohormones are believed to be especially critical in the regulation of leaf H1 Receptor Agonist manufacturer development in rice [27]. NAL7 (NARROW LEAF 7), TDD1 (TRYPTOPHAN DEFICIENT DWARF MUTANT 1), and FIB (FISH BONE) are involved in auxin biosynthesis, plus the lowered expression of those genes final results within a narrow-leaf phenotype [280]. The auxin-deficient mutants, defective in NAL1 (NARROW LEAF 1), NAL2/3, NAL21, OsARF11, and OsARF19, which participate in auxin polar transport, distribution, and signaling, also show narrow leaves [315]. Some genes which can be involved inside the regulation from the gibberellin pathway, for instance PLA1, PLA2, SLR1, OsOFP2, D1, and GID2, have been shown to be crucial inside the regulation of leaf width [11,369]. Along with hormones, the cellulose synthase-like (CSL) genes, which take part in hemicellulose synthesis, are crucial inside the regulation of leaf morphology [40]. DNL1, which encodes cellulose synthase-like D4, functions inside the M-phase to regulate cell proliferation, along with the dnl1 mutant showed a distinct narrow-leaf phenotype in rice [41]. ZmCSLD1 is crucial for plant cell division, and also the Zmcsld1 mutant exhibited narrow-organ and warty phenotypes with decreased cell sizes and cell numbers [42]. It can be notable that narrow-leaf mutants normally exhibit lowered plant height, including nal1-2, nal1-3, nal21, dnl1, dnl2, and dnl3, implying the overlapping regulatory mechanisms of leaf size and plant height development. Within this study, we obtained the dwarf and narrow-leaf mutant dnl2 by EMS mutagenesis. The plant height plus the width on the leaves of dnl2 differed substantially from those of the wild-type. The gene affecting the dnl2 phenotype was positioned on chromosome nine. Depending on the tested physiological and morphological indices, the vascular bundle patterning, secondary cell wall structure, and cell growth had been altered within the leaves and internodes of dnl2 in comparison with the wild-type. Furthermore, some plant endogenous hormones also changed considerably. The content material of GA and IAA in dnl2 was drastically reduce than that within the wild-type, even though the content of ABA in dnl2 was substantially greater than that inside the wild-type. Combined with RNA-seq analysis, these benefits indicated that the modification of cell wall biosynthesis, phytohormone biosynthesis, and signal transduction contributes for the dwarfing and narrow-leaf phenotype of dnl2 by influencing cell development.Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23,3 of2. Benefits two.1. Pleiotropic Phenotype in the Maize dnl2 Mutant The dnl2 mutant is often a recessive dwarf and narrow-leaf mutant isolated from a maize EMS-mutagenized population. When compared with its GlyT2 Inhibitor web wild-type plant `Zheng58′, the dnl2 mutant dis