Nd regenerated HDES. Figure 14. Comparison with the extraction efficiency using fresh
Nd regenerated HDES. Figure 14. Comparison of the extraction performance applying fresh HDES and regenerated HDES. (Circumstances: T = 298.two K, = 1.01 bar, = three , S:F (w/w)= 2:1, stirring = two h at 1000 rpm and (Conditions: T = 298.2 K, PP =1.01 bar, wwi,acid= three , S:F (w/w)= 2:1, stirring = 2 h at 1000 rpm and i,acid centrifuge = 30 min at 3500 rpm). centrifuge = 30 min at 3500 rpm).three.9. Extraction Efficiency of a Mixture of VFA The extraction of acetic acid (1 wt ), propionic acid (1 wt ), butyric acid (1 wt ), and valeric acid (1 wt ) in 99 wt distilled water was performed in 4 separate experiments and in a mixture consisting of (1 wt of acetic acid, 1 wt of propionic acid, 1 wt of butyric acid, and 1 wt of valeric acid in 96 wt distilled water). The aqueous options have been prepared as described in Section two.two. The results in Figure 15 show that the pure element efficiency and the mixture efficiency of your VFAs are pretty much identical, suggesting that every acid occupies distinctive void sites in the HDES-phase and doesn’t compete using the other folks under the studied concentrations [36]. It may also be Aztreonam Technical Information observed that the extraction efficiency was escalating with an increase in VFA chain length as follows: valeric acid (96.five ) butyric acid (89.9 ) propionic acid (72.three ) acetic acid (40.5 ) with distribution coefficients of VA = 13.46, BA = four.36, PA = 1.3, AA = 0.36, respectively. This trend was anticipated as they are constant with all the measured solubility information, which were shown in Table 7 as well as the implication that the HDES extracts the undissociated acid, exactly where VFAs of DMPO medchemexpress longer chains show significantly less dissociation in water. The observed trend also agrees with all the findings in the literature [14,22].Fermentation 2021, 7,extraction efficiency was growing with an increase in VFA chain length as follows: valeric acid (96.5 ) butyric acid (89.9 ) propionic acid (72.three ) acetic acid (40.five ) with distribution coefficients of = 13.46, = 4.36, = 1.3 , = 0.36, respectively. This trend was anticipated as they are consistent using the measured solubility data, which had been shown in Table 7 and also the implication that the HDES extracts the undissociated acid, 19 of 23 exactly where VFAs of longer chains show less dissociation in water. The observed trend also agrees together with the findings within the literature [14,22].Figure 15. Effect of VFA chain length and their mixing effects on the extraction efficiency. (CondiFigure 15. Impact of VFA chain length and their mixing effects on the extraction efficiency. (Circumstances: tions: T 298.two K, P = 1.01 bar, wi,acid = 1 , S:F = two:1, stirring 2 h at 2 h rpm and centrifuge time = T = 298.2=K, P = 1.01 bar, wi,acid = 1 , S:F = two:1, stirring time = time =1000 at 1000 rpm and centrifuge time = 30 min at 3500 rpm). 30 min at 3500 rpm).three.ten. Literature Comparison three.ten. Literature Comparison Table 9 summarizes a few of the preceding studies inside the literature on the liquid iquid Table 9 summarizes a number of the previous studies within the literature around the liquid iquid extraction of VFAs making use of terpenoids “geraniol, citral, and eugenol” [13], medium-chain extraction of VFAs working with terpenoids “geraniol, citral, and eugenol” [13], medium-chain fatty fatty acids “hexanoic acid and octanoic acid” [12], HDESs [13,22], and kerosene-based sol”hexanoic acid and octanoic acid” [12], HDESs [13,22], and kerosene-based solvents [11]. The extraction efficiency ofthe benchmark solvent trioctlyamine (TOA) [22] vents [11]. The extraction efficiency in the benchmark solvent.