S. A piece of thin twine initially threaded by means of the openwork decoration was also preserved. A wax seal of a bishop was originally attached to its finish, affixed on a piece of paper with a detailed description of the relic. The description using the seal confirmed the origin and authenticity of your relic. Only traces of those components on the cross surface are preserved. The vividly blue bead was removed from opening no. 24A (Figure 3b). It has the shape of a polygon having a slightly flattened face plus a diameter of about 1 centimetre. The face of your bead was ground to obtain a square that has in its middle a shallow, at present slightly distorted engraving: a circle surrounded by tiny cavities with wavy external edges. It really is filled using a white mix forming a type of inlay. It has no hole. The bead is preserved in medium condition: it was heavily soiled when taken out with the stairs and modest scratches are visible on its surfaces and losses in the white mix utilised to fill the relief.Minerals 2021, 11,6 ofThe black bead has an oval shape and is about 4 mm wide (Figure 3c). It was identified in opening 3A. It includes a round hole in its middle, made use of to string it on thread or twine. The bead was preserved in quite superior situation. It was only superficially soiled when removed in the stairs. The type of artefacts analysed placed important limitations on the laboratory approaches which could possibly be applied through the investigation in the material. All artefacts have been studied raw, with no undergoing any preparation process and applying non-destructive procedures. Laboratory investigations were focused on mineralogical and geochemical analyses making use of scanning Bafilomycin A1 custom synthesis electron microscopy with power dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Raman microspectroscopy (RS). The samples have been studied applying an FEI 200 Quanta FEG scanning electron microscope with an EDS/EDAX spectrometer (FEI Company, Fremont, CA, USA). The maximum excitation voltage was 20 kV as well as the pressure 60 Pa (the low vacuum mode). The samples weren’t coated. So that you can learn the phase composition with the studied objects, it was decided that the X-ray powder diffraction method (XRPD) ought to be used. It was understood that possessing gear for powder preparations, the outcomes wouldn’t be completely satisfactory. Nonetheless, an Biotinylated Proteins web attempt was produced inside the hope that it could be achievable to record even some diffraction reflexes to enable phase identification. Taking into consideration that the specimens need to not be physically altered in any way, a specific holder was produced to place the specimens securely in the measuring plane with the diffractometer. The XRD approach calls for the analysed surface to become flat and smooth. Regrettably, inside the case of your specimens studied, the selection of a appropriate surface was really limited, and so, for the blue bead, X-ray patterns have been recorded from the front (surface with ornamentation) and back surfaces, and for the cross from the front surface. There was no flat surface around the black bead. Its X-ray diffraction was thus recorded by putting its convex surface on the measuring plane on the instrument. Only the X-ray patterns of your blue bead had been appropriate for common phase evaluation. The values of interplanar distances have been utilized to recognize mineral phases, based on the data within the ICDD catalogue (Powder Diffraction File PDF-2. International Centre for Diffraction Information. 2018) along with the XRAYAN computer program. A Rigaku Intelligent Lab 9.0 kW diffractometer with Cu-K radiation was employ.