P positions listed within every chromosome and are detailed in the supplementary table S, Supplementary Material on line, together with their gene content material.Genome Biol.Evol..doi.gbeevvBadenhorst et al.GBEFIG.. Continued.Genome Biol.Evol..doi.gbeevvPainted Turtle Cytomap Informs Amniote EvolutionGBEFIG.. Continued.Table Partial Homology of Painted Turtle Chromosomes to Those of Other ReptilesGene EPBL TOPB TAXBP RABA CTNNB KATB ARG WT COQ EIFB CTBP DMRT DCTN RUFY TPR RPE SPARC BRD ENO CPI VSA q Zp Zp, Wq Zp, Zcen, Wcen q q q q q q q X, Y q p Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro q q q p X, Y , p p p p , , , , LRE EQU p PSI PVI SCR STR Reference qqNOTE.VSA, Varanus salvator macromaculatus; LRE, Leiolepsis reevesii rubritaeniata; EQU, Elaphe quadrivirgata; PSI, Pelodiscus sinensis; PVI, Pogona vitticeps; SCR, Siebenrockiella crassicollis; STR, Staurotypus triporcatus; cen, centromeric; Micro, microchromosome.References , Matsubara et al.; , Srikulnath et al.; , Young et al.; , Matsuda et al.; , Kawagoshi et al.; , Kawagoshi et al..Shaded cells denote a split region in turtle with respect to snakes.CPI map to VARANUS, LEIOLEPIS, and ELAPHE microchromosomes at the same time (table).From the BACs that mapped successfully to a single location, seven contained genes or mapped to scaffolds containing genes within the sex determination network of turtles and vertebrates (FgF, Dax, Sox, Dmrt, Fhl, Wt, and Rspo) (Valenzuela a; Badenhorst et al).The relative position of these genes revealed extra chromosomal rearrangements among amniotes and regions of homology among CPI autosomes and sex chromosomes in other taxa.Namely, BACs containingFhl, FgF and Dax mapped to CPIq and to CHICKEN, whereas this gene block is split in human as they map to chromosome HUMAN (Chan et al), HUMAN (Mattei et al), and HUMANX (Zanaria et al), respectively.Moreover, Sox mapped to CPIq whereas it is actually situated on PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21502231 the CHICKEN microchromosome (Kuroiwa et al) and on HUMAN (Foster et al).Gbanding (fig) and wholechromosomespecific painting applying Trachemys scripta (TRACHEMYS) probes indicate that CPI is orthologous to TRACHEMYS (Badenhorst D,Genome Biol.Evol..doi.gbeevvBadenhorst et al.GBEcrocodilians) (Matsuda et al.; Kasai et al).Certainly, rearrangements have been identified involving both these and other macro and microchromosomes.Our outcomes also help the notion that sexdetermining mechanisms have evolved independently various times in birds, turtles, and squamates.Indeed, regions in seven different CPI chromosomes show homology to sex chromosomes of other turtles, birds, squamates, and human, supporting the concept that not one but several chromosomes have been recruited as sex chromosomes in different vertebrate lineages.We hope that this study, the first of its sort in turtles and TSD vertebrates, fosters further analysis in to the fascinating evolution of vertebrate genomes.Montiel Jimenez EE, Stanyon R, FergusonSmith MA, O’Brien PCM, Valenzuela N, unpublished information), which in turn seems homologous to CHICKEN (Kasai et al) (i.e CPI TRACHEMYS CHICKEN).As a BMS-3 LIM Kinase (LIMK) result, our outcomes suggest the transposition of Sox chromosomal place in between macrochromosomes in turtles (Sox CPI TRACHEMYS) along with a chicken microchromosome (Sox CHICKEN).However, Dmrt mapped to CPI (our study, fig.a), and it truly is situated in Gekko hokouensis lizards GEKKOZ (Kawai et al), and in PELODISCUS that is homologous to CHICKENZ (Kawai et al).CHICKENZ in turn is homologous to Staurotypus triporcatus turtles STAURO.