Acter state has been reported inside ornithomimosaurs, therizinosauroids, alvarezsauroids, tyrannosaurids and oviraptorosaurs (Osm ska, Roniewicz Barsbold, 1972; Perle, 1979; Perle et al., 1994; o Brochu, 2003; Balanoff Norell, 2012), suggesting a high degree of homoplasy. Fusion in the scapulocoracoid is also present in basal avialans (e.g., Confuciusornithidae; Chiappe et al., 1999) and flightless avians (e.g., Struthio; ACUB 4820).Coracoid with prominent tuber placed around the anterolateral cornerThe coracoid of Balaur bears a hypertrophied tubercle that types the anterolateral corner of the bone and obscures the supracoracoid nerve foramen when the coracoid is observed in lateral view (Fig. 1A; Brusatte et al., 2013). Non-avialan theropods possess tuberclesCau et al. (2015), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.4/Figure 1 Comparison between the scapulocoracoid of Balaur along with other paravians. Comparison of your scapulocoracoid of (A) Balaur (lateral view) to that of (B) the pygostylian Enantiophoenix (medial view); and (C) the dromaeosaurid Velociraptor (lateral view); (A) soon after Csiki et al.. (2010, Fig. 1); (B) modified immediately after Cau Arduini (2008, Fig. 2); (C) following Norell Makovicky (1999, Fig. 4). All scapulocoracoids are drawn with all the proximal half on the scapular blade oriented horizontally to show relative placement of coracoid tubercle. Scale bar: ten mm (A); five mm (B); ten mm (C). Abbreviations: ac, acromion; co, coracoid; ct, coracoid tubercle; gl, glenoid; me, missing element; sc, scapula; snf, supracoracoid nerve foramen.Cau et al. (2015), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.5/that are fairly smaller and much more lateroventrally directed (when the scapula is oriented horizontally) than that noticed in avialan theropods (Fig. 1C; AZD 5153 6-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid biological activity 19995738″ title=View Abstract(s)”>PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19995738 Osm ska, Roniewicz Barsbold, o 1972; Ostrom, 1976; this is the “processus praeglenoidalis” sensu Elzanowski, Chiappe Witmer, 2002). Though the coracoid tubercle of Balaur may possibly seem autapomorphic among non-avialan theropods (Brusatte et al., 2013), a prominent coracoid tubercle can also be present in unenlagiines (Buitreraptor, see Agnol Novas, 2013), basal avialans i (e.g., Jeholornis, Jixiangornis; Turner, Makovicky Norell, 2012, Fig. 82), and forms the acrocoracoid of ornithothoracines (e.g., Apsaravis, Enantiophoenix, Enantiornis; Clarke Norell, 2002; Baier, Gatesy Jenkins, 2007; Cau Arduini, 2008; Walker Dyke, 2009; Fig. 1). A hypertrophied coracoid tubercle that obscures the supracoracoid nerve foramen in lateral view is also observed in Sapeornis (Zhou Zhang, 2003; Gao et al., 2012).Humerus longer than half the combined length of tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsusThe ratio amongst the lengths in the humerus and femur is normally regarded as a phylogenetically informative character in discussions on the evolution of coelurosaurian theropods (e.g., Brusatte et al., 2014, character 262), as that ratio is normally larger amongst avialans than it truly is in most non-avialan theropods. Since the femur of Balaur is unknown (Brusatte et al., 2013), we used the ratio amongst the length of the humerus and also the sum on the lengths from the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus. The humerus of non-avialan theropods is regularly shorter than half the combined length from the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus (e.g., Deinonychus, Gallimimus, Microraptor, Tyrannosaurus; Ostrom, 1969; Osm ska, o Roniewicz Barsbold, 1972; Hwang et al., 2002; Brochu, 2003). In Balaur, the humerus is longer than half the combined length in the tibiotarsus and ta.