er study revealed that the same genotype was in relation with aromatase activity. In addition, the data in anastrozole neoadjuvant setting indicated that rs6493497 and rs7176005 were correlated with much more decrease in aromatase activity. Meanwhile, a population-based and in vitro study carried out by Ma et al revealed reductions in the functional activity of aromatase for four phenotypes with non-synonymous changes. The authors observed that protein levels or aromatase activity decreased sharply for the Thr364 and a slight reduction in Cys264 allozyme activity. The mechanism by which non-synonymous SNPs interfere with the enzymatic activity is a consequence of an alteration in the protein level. The data available is not sufficient to confirm that rs4646 is an activating polymorphism, but the previous data PBTZ 169 site indicate that it could be related to an advantage in the protein structure which makes it more active. On the basis of the relationship between CYP19 polymorphisms and the estrogen level as well as aromatase activity, mentioned above, we speculate that, premenopausal patients carrying AA genotype may harbor higher estrogen levels, and it is likely that the majority of the premenopausal women included in our study had menopause due to adjuvant therapies, and PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19763407 what’s more, the treatment-induced decrease in levels of circulating estrogen may be more remarkable among patients with AA variant than those carrying AC or CC genotype. Therefore, adjuvant therapy might be more effective in premenopausal patients with AA variant. However, the changes in estrogen levels caused by adjuvant therapy is not so great between postmenopausal patients with AA genotype and those carrying AC or CC variant, and thus, women who are homozygous for the minor allele have a poorer DFS compared with those carrying the major allele. There are some limitations to the present study. Firstly, the tested was limited to rs4646 of which the influence on breast cancer is controversial, because of the exploratory nature of the current study. Secondly, the genetic polymorphisms may have impact on phenotypic outcome through altering DNA binding sites, mRNA stabilization, splicing, folding and regulation of the transcription and the posttranslational modification. Therefore, clarifying the molecular mechanisms of the effect of CYP19 rs4646 polymorphism, such as transcription influence, mRNA stabilization, post-translational regulation of aromatase levels and aromatase activity is needed. In summary, the present study indicates that the homozygous variant AA exerts a better effect in DFS in premenopausal patients, but a worse impact on DFS in postmenopausal women, which implies premenopausal women with AC or CC genotypes and postmenopausal women with AA genotype might receive more active treatment and PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19763832 more frequently 
follow-up beyond routine clinical management. These findings are novel, further validation in a larger independent cohort of early breast cancer patients is warranted. ~~ ~~ The influenza A virus, a causative agent of periodic contagious disease epidemics, is a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family. Influenza virus infection can lead to serious respiratory illness, respiratory complications, and high rates of mortality and morbidity, and is particularly virulent among the elderly.The mortality rate of the seasonal influenza virus infection in children is estimated by less than 1 per 100,000 children annually.Yearly vaccination is the primary strategy used to co